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Effect of Water and Nutrient Stresses on Apple Rootstock Growth, Respiration, and Capacitance
Ian Merwin
Hortscience, 1997
Cranberry plants exclusively utilize ammonium forms of nitrogen. Nitrifi cation of applied ammonium and subsequent leaching through sandy soils is a potential problem for growers. Peat, sand, and striped soils were collected in cranberry beds in central Wisconsin and soil pH was adjusted to 3.5, 4.5, or 5.5. Twenty-fi ve grams of dry soil was placed in fl asks and half the fl asks were sterilized. Distilled water was added to half of the samples, and the other half received 15 N-labeled ammonium. Flasks were incubated at 20°C for up to 70 days. Striped soils showed no nitrifi cation at pH 3.5 or 4.5 during the 70 day incubation. At pH 5.5, nitrifi cation began at 20 days and was almost complete at 70 days. Nitrifi cation did not occur at any pH in sandy soils. This research suggests that ammonium fertilizer applied to cranberry is likely taken up before nitrifi cation would occur. 15-25 cm from plots treated 25 May 1995 with either hexazinone liquid formulation of Velpar L at 1.1 kg/ha, or as a granular in Pronone 10G, Pronone MG at 11.1 kg/ha, or Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) at 220 kg/ha impregnated with Velpar L at 1.1 kg/ha and an untreated control. The hexazinone liquid had the most leaching, the Velpar DAP formulation had the least leaching, and the Pronone formulation were intermediate. If hexazinone leaching into groundwater is a concern a particular site, then the Velpar/DAP fertilizer or Pronone formulations should be used over the liquid formulation. This project was done under a low rainfall year, 1995, and it should be reassessed with the new Velpar DF formulation and irrigation.
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Controlling Nitrate Leaching in Irrigated Agriculture
Mark Burbach, Darrell Watts
Journal of Environment Quality, 2001
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Effect of fertilizers with different chemical composition on crop yield, nitrogen uptake and leaching in a sandy loam Luvisol
Gvidas Šidlauskas
Zemdirbyste-Agriculture, 2017
New forms of mineral fertilizers containing bioactive components or substances controlling dissolution of granules in the soil are being developed to increase their efficiency and decrease negative environmental impacts. The present study was aimed to compare the effects of different complex fertilizers and complex fertilizer containing a nitrification inhibitor DMPP (3,4-dimethylpyrazole-phosphate) on barley and potato yield and quality, and nitrogen leaching. Experiments were carried out at Vokė Branch of the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry during 2012-2016. Experiments were performed in lysimetric facilities on a sandy loam Luvisol (LV) with a surface area of 1.75 m 2 and a test soil layer of 0.60 m thickness. Experimental treatments: 1) granular simple NPK fertilizers, 2) complex fertilizer nitrogenphosphate NP 33:3, 3) complex NPK fertilizer with bioactive components Eurofertil 35 and 4) complex NPK fertilizer with a nitrification inhibitor NovaTec classic. The investigated simple NPK and complex fertilizers (nitrogenphosphate NP 33:3, Eurofertil 35 and NovaTec classic) had a similar effect on the grain yield of barley, but significantly increased (7.7%, P < 0.05) the tuber yield of potatoes. Application of the fertilizer with a nitrification inhibitor improved the quality of barley grain and potato tubers and lowered the concentration of nitrates in tubers. Compared with simple fertilizers (ammonium nitrate, granular superphosphate and potassium chloride), the application of complex fertilizers nitrogenphosphate NP 33:3, Eurofertil 35, containing bioactive substances, and NovaTec classic, supplemented with a nitrification inhibitor, affected the dynamics of nitrogen leaching during specific periods, but no significant changes were estimated for nitrogen leaching per hydrological year.
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The side effects of nitrification inhibitors on leaching water and soil salinization in a field experiment
Mercedes Arauzo Sánchez
Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 2010
In experiments carried out in greenhouses, some authors have shown that ammonium sulphate induces greater soil acidity and salinity than other sources of N. Moreover, nitrification inhibitors (NI) tend to cause ammonium to accumulate in soil by retarding its oxidation to nitrate. This accumulated ammonium would also have an effect on soil salinity. Consequently, the aim of this paper was to evaluate the soil and leaching water salinization effects associated with adding NI, dicyandiamide (DCD) and dimethylpyrazole-phosphate (DMPP) to ammonium sulphate nitrate (ASN) fertilizer. This experiment was carried out in the field with an irrigated maize crop. Drainage and Na concentration were measured during both seasons leached Na was determined. The treatments with NI (DCD and DMPP) were associated with greater Na concentrations in soil solutions and consequently higher rates of Na leaching (in 2007, ASN-DCD 1,292 kg Na ha -1 , ASN-DMPP 1,019 kg Na ha -1 ). A treatment involving only ASN also increased the Na concentration in soil and the amount of Na leached in relation to the Control (in 2007, ASN 928 kg Na ha -1 and Control 587 kg Na ha -1 ). The increase in the ammonium concentration in the soil due to the NI treatments could have been the result of the displacement of Na ions from the soil exchange complex through a process which finally led to an increase in soil salinity. Treatments including ammonium fertilizer formulated with NI produced a greater degree of soil salinization due to the presence of ammonium from the fertilizer and accumulated ammonium from the nitrification inhibition. a Fraction I EUF: 20°C, 30 min, 15 mA. b Fraction I+II EUF: 20°C, 30 min, 15 mA + 80°C, 5 min, 150 mA. EUF: electroultrafiltration method. OM: organic matter.
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Effect of a nitrification inhibitor (DMPP) [3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate] on nitrate leaching and maize yield during two growing seasons
Mercedes Arauzo Sánchez
Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 2008
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Nitrate and ammonium in soil solution in tobacco management systems
José Miguel Reichert, Douglas Kaiser
Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 2010
Tobacco farmers of southern Brazil use high levels of fertilizers, without considering soil and environmental attributes, posing great risk to water resources degradation. The objective of this study was to monitor nitrate and ammonium concentrations in the soil solution of an Entisol in and below the root zone of tobacco under conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT) and no-tillage (NT). The study was conducted in the small-watershed Arroio Lino, in Agudo, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A base fertilization of 850 kg ha -1 of 10-18-24 and topdressing of 400 kg ha -1 of 14-0-14 NPK fertilizer were applied. The soil solution was sampled during the crop cycle with a tension lysimeter equipped with a porous ceramic cup. Ammonium and nitrate concentrations were analyzed by the distillation and titration method. Nitrate concentrations, ranging from 8 to 226 mg L -1 , were highest after initial fertilization and decreased during the crop cycle. The average nitrate (N-NO 3 -) concentration in the root zone was 75 in NT, 95 in MT, and 49 mg L -1 in CT. Below the root zone, the average nitrate concentration was 58 under NT, 108 under MT and 36 mg L -1 under CT. The nitrate and ammonium concentrations did not differ significantly in the management systems. However, the nitrate concentrations measured represent a contamination risk to groundwater of the watershed. The ammonium concentration (N-NH 4 + ) decreased over time in all management systems, possibly as a result of the nitrification process and root uptake of part of the ammonium by the growing plants.
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EVALUATION OF CONTROLLED- RELEASE COMPOUND FERTILIZERS IN SOIL
Antonio Fabrício Santo
Evaluation of compound controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) in the soil is essential in order to establish an appropriate soil management and fertilizer application technique. A compound fertilizer containing about 15% nitrogen (N), 2% phosphorus (P), 16% potassium (K), 4% calcium (Ca), 1% magnesium (Mg), and 1% copper (Cu) was prepared and subsequently coated with natural rubber (NR), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyacrylamide (PA), and polylactic acid (PLA). Evaluations of the compound CRF were conducted in the laboratory and in the field using an open leaching technique. The soil column was prepared using an acid Bungor soil (Typic Paleudult) packed in PVC tube for the laboratory and an undisturbed soil column for the field studies. A 25-g sample of each coated fertilizer was mixed with the soil in the top (0 -60 mm) of the soil column. Nutrients released by the 1139 compound CRF in the appropriate soil column were monitored in the leachate for 30 d (about 18.0 pore volume (PV) of leachate), while in the field they were exposed to the atmosphere for about 90 d. The uncoated compound fertilizer gave significantly ðP # 0:05Þ higher amount of nutrient loss compared to the coated fertilizers during leaching in the laboratory. The values ranged from 3023.0 mg N (80.3% of that added) to 1.4 mg Cu (6.2% of that added). Among the coated fertilizers, there were wide variations in the amounts and types of nutrient losses between different coating materials. By taking the summation of nutrients in the leachate, the effectiveness of the uncoated and coated compound fertilizers decreased in the order: PVC < NR . PLA . PA s uncoated. Depth distribution of nutrients and their amounts remaining in the soil column of the respective treatments showed no significant difference between leaching in the laboratory and that in the field. Thus, the effectiveness of the compound uncoated and coated fertilizers was similar to that measured in the laboratory using a fraction collector. Therefore, an assessment of the CRF could be done precisely and accurately in the laboratory using an open leaching technique. However, the effectiveness of CRF needs to be validated in the presence of a growing plant.
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Evaluation of soil urease and nitrification inhibitors
Gregory McCarty
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Effects of N sources and management strategies on crop growth, yield and potential N leaching in processing tomato
Michela Farneselli
European Journal of Agronomy, 2018
A 2-year field experiment was carried out in Central Italy on processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv PS1296). The aim was to assess the effects of various N sources and methods of distribution on crop growth and yield, as well as on the potential risks of nitrate leaching. Processing tomato was fertilized by using (i) green manuring with several cover crops (vetch and barley alone and in several mixtures), (ii) broadcast organic fertilizers (poultry manure and by-product of leather factory), (iii) fertigation with organic fertilizer (by-product of leather factory) and (iv) fertigation with a mineral N fertilizer. N accumulation and C/N ratio were measured in the cover crops at killing date. Tomato growth and N accumulation were determined fortnightly. The concentration of NO 3-N in the soil solution was measured by a suction lysimeter at 0.9 m N supply from pure barley or from mixtures with high proportion of barley (i.e. 50% or higher) were inadequate for tomato growth. Pure vetch ensured an optimal N status to the succeeding crop, but led to nitrate leaching. The mixture vetch 75%+ barley 25% ensured an adequate amount of N for tomato, while reducing the NO 3-N concentration in soil solution. Poultry manure and by-product of leather factory at low N rate (i.e. 100 kg N ha −1) were both inadequate to fulfil tomato requirements. At the same N rate, fertigation with the organic fertilizers gave the same good efficacy of fertigation with the mineral fertilizer, ensuring higher environmental sustainability. The integrated use of fall-winter cover crops and fertigation could represent a sound strategy for conservative horticulture.
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Dicyandiamide increases the fertilizer N loss from an alkaline calcareous soil treated with 15N-labelled urea under warm climate and under different crops
Wajid Ishaque
Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2011
Using an alkaline calcareous soil, experiments were conducted to elucidate the effects of nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) on the fate of 15 N-labelled urea applied to cotton, maize, and wheat under greenhouse conditions. Combined effects of DCD and two levels of wheat straw (applied to cotton) and of fertilizer application method (conventional broadcast vs. point injection in maize and wheat) on the recovery of the fertilizer N were also studied. High soil temperatures prevailed under cotton and maize, whereas the soil temperature was relatively moderate during the wheat growing season. The fertilizer N loss under cotton was lowest (44% of the applied) when urea was applied alone; the loss increased due to DCD (54%) or wheat straw (50-54%) and was highest (63-64%) when DCD and wheat straw were applied together. Under maize also, DCD increased the loss of the fertilizer N applied by the conventional method (51% without DCD vs. 66% with DCD) or by point injection (26% without DCD vs. 42% with DCD). With the conventional method under wheat, DCD had no effect on the fertilizer N loss (34-37% of the applied). The fertilizer N loss under wheat was least (16%) when urea solution was point-injected but increased (24-26%) due to DCD or/and when pH of the urea solution was reduced to 2. Besides, DCD significantly reduced the fertilizer N uptake and increased the fertilizer N immobilization in soil under cotton and maize. However, DCD applied in combination with a higher level of wheat straw significantly increased the cotton dry matter and N yields due to increased N availability from sources other than the fertilizer. The results suggested that the use of DCD may not be beneficial in alkaline calcareous soils and that point injection of urea solution without any amendment is more effective in conserving the fertilizer N as compared to the conventional broadcast method.
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